Melatonin is a neurohormone primarily synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland in response to darkness, playing a fundamental role in the synchronization of circadian rhythms. As a dietary supplement, it is widely utilized for its chronobiotic properties to address sleep onset latency, jet lag, and certain circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders. Its efficacy is supported by a substantial body of clinical research focusing on phase-shifting capabilities and sleep architecture modulation. Proper use under guidance can support physiological sleep patterns without the dependency risks associated with many prescription sleep aids.

Features

• Synthetic or naturally-sourced melatonin identical to endogenous human hormone
• Available in immediate-release, sustained-release, and sublingual formulations
• Standardized dosing ranging from 0.3 mg to 10 mg per unit
• Typically vegan/vegetarian-friendly capsules, tablets, or liquid forms
• High-purity, laboratory-tested for contaminants and potency accuracy

Benefits

• Reduces Sleep Onset Latency: Clinically shown to decrease the time taken to fall asleep, particularly in individuals with delayed sleep phase syndrome.
• Resynchronizes Circadian Rhythms: Effective for managing jet lag and shift work disorder by realigning the internal biological clock with external time cues.
• Non-Habit Forming: Unlike many prescription sedative-hypnotics, melatonin does not exhibit dependence or withdrawal syndromes upon discontinuation.
• Antioxidant Properties: Demonstrates free radical scavenging activity, contributing to neuroprotective effects, though this is secondary to its primary sleep-related benefits.
• Minimal Next-Day Residual Effects: When dosed appropriately, it typically does not cause significant morning grogginess or impair cognitive function upon waking.

Common use

Melatonin is predominantly indicated for the short-term management of sleep disorders, including insomnia characterized by difficulty with sleep initiation. It is extensively used for ameliorating symptoms of jet lag following transmeridian travel, particularly involving eastward travel across multiple time zones. Shift workers often employ it to facilitate daytime sleep and adapt to non-traditional schedules. Emerging research also explores its adjunctive use in certain neurological conditions, pediatric sleep disturbances (under specialist supervision), and as part of comprehensive pre-surgical anxiolytic protocols.

Dosage and direction

Initiate therapy with the lowest effective dose, typically between 0.5 mg to 3 mg, taken 30 to 60 minutes before desired bedtime. For jet lag, dosing usually begins on the day of travel and continues for several days after arrival at the destination; timing should be calculated based on the number of time zones crossed (often taking it at the target destination’s bedtime). Sustained-release formulations may be preferable for sleep maintenance issues. Sublingual forms allow for faster absorption. Long-term use should be periodically re-evaluated by a healthcare provider. Do not crush or chew extended-release tablets.

Precautions

Consult a healthcare professional before use if you have an autoimmune disease, seizure disorders, or are taking immunosuppressive therapy. Use with caution in individuals with hepatic impairment, as metabolism occurs primarily in the liver. May cause drowsiness; avoid driving or operating machinery within 4-5 hours after ingestion. Not recommended during the daytime unless specifically advised for shift work adaptation. Discontinue use at least two weeks prior to elective surgery due to potential effects on coagulation and immune response.

Contraindications

Absolute contraindications include known hypersensitivity to melatonin or any component of the formulation. Should not be used by women who are pregnant or breastfeeding due to insufficient safety data and potential hormonal effects. Avoid in patients with severe hepatic insufficiency. Contraindicated in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or other autoimmune conditions due to potential immunostimulatory effects. Not recommended for use in children except under direct medical supervision for specific sleep disorders.

Possible side effects

Most adverse reactions are mild and dose-dependent. Commonly reported effects include:

• Headache
• Dizziness
• Nausea
• Daytime drowsiness or fatigue
• Vivid dreams or nightmares Less frequently, irritability, mild anxiety, abdominal cramps, or transient hypotension may occur. These typically resolve with dose reduction or discontinuation.

Drug interaction

Melatonin may interact with:

• Anticoagulants/Antiplatelets (e.g., warfarin, aspirin): Potential increased risk of bleeding.
• Anticonvulsants (e.g., valproic acid, phenytoin): May reduce seizure threshold.
• Immunosuppressants (e.g., corticosteroids, cyclosporine): Could counteract immunosuppressive therapy.
• Antihypertensives: May potentiate blood pressure-lowering effects.
• CNS Depressants (e.g., benzodiazepines, alcohol): Additive sedative effects.
• Fluvoxamine and other CYP1A2 inhibitors: Can significantly increase melatonin levels.
• Diabetes medications: May affect glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity.
• Oral contraceptives: Can elevate endogenous melatonin levels, increasing overall exposure.

Missed dose

If a dose is missed and it is still within 1-2 hours of the intended time, it may be taken. If it is closer to the time of the next dose or if the patient wakes in the middle of the night, skip the missed dose and resume the regular schedule the following night. Do not double the dose to make up for a missed one.

Overdose

Symptoms of significant overdose may include excessive sedation, confusion, disorientation, and hypothermia. There is no specific antidote; treatment is supportive and symptomatic. Gastric lavage or activated charcoal may be considered if ingestion was recent. Provide supportive care including monitoring of vital signs and ensuring airway protection in cases of profound sedation. Contact a poison control center or seek emergency medical attention immediately.

Storage

Store in a cool, dry place away from direct light and moisture. Keep the container tightly closed. Ideal storage temperature is between 15°-25°C (59°-77°F). Do not freeze. Keep out of reach of children and pets. Do not use after the expiration date printed on the packaging.

Disclaimer

This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. The information provided is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or before starting any new health regimen. Do not disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read here.

Reviews

Clinical studies consistently report patient satisfaction with melatonin for sleep onset issues, with particular praise for its lack of hangover effect compared to traditional sleep aids. Shift workers frequently note improved daytime sleep quality and easier adaptation to rotating schedules. Criticism occasionally centers on variable product potency between brands and the need for more precise dosing guidelines for specific populations. Overall, it is regarded as a well-tolerated and effective option for circadian rhythm management when used appropriately.