Cephalexin: Effective Bacterial Infection Treatment
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Cephalexin is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic prescribed to combat a wide range of bacterial infections. It operates by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to the eradication of susceptible organisms. This medication is commonly utilized for respiratory tract, skin, soft tissue, bone, and urinary tract infections, offering a reliable option for both clinicians and patients seeking effective microbial control.
Features
- Belongs to the cephalosporin class of antibiotics
- Available in capsule, tablet, and oral suspension forms
- Typically dosed two to four times daily
- Requires prescription; not available over-the-counter
- Effective against Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria
Benefits
- Rapid onset of action to alleviate infection symptoms
- High bioavailability ensuring consistent therapeutic levels
- Broad-spectrum coverage for common community-acquired infections
- Generally well-tolerated with a established safety profile
- Convenient oral administration supporting outpatient treatment
- Helps prevent complications from untreated bacterial infections
Common use
Cephalexin is indicated for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms, including:
- Respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and other streptococci
- Skin and skin structure infections including cellulitis, abscesses, and wound infections
- Bone and joint infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus
- Genitourinary tract infections including acute prostatitis and cystitis
- Otitis media (middle ear infections)
- Dental infections and prophylactic use in certain surgical procedures
Dosage and direction
The dosage of cephalexin must be individualized based on the infection’s severity, susceptibility of the causative organisms, and the patient’s renal function. For adults, the usual dose is 250 mg every 6 hours or 500 mg every 12 hours. For more severe infections, doses may be increased to 500 mg every 6 hours or 1 g every 12 hours. The maximum daily dose for adults is 4 grams.
For pediatric patients, the recommended dosage is 25-50 mg/kg/day in divided doses. For otitis media, doses of 75-100 mg/kg/day in four divided doses may be required. The oral suspension should be shaken well before each use. Cephalexin may be administered without regard to meals, though taking it with food may minimize gastrointestinal discomfort. Treatment should continue for at least 48-72 hours beyond the time the patient becomes asymptomatic or evidence of bacterial eradication has been obtained.
Precautions
Patients should complete the entire course of therapy even if symptoms improve to prevent the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Use with caution in patients with renal impairment; dosage adjustments are necessary for creatinine clearance below 50 mL/min. Prolonged use may result in overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms, including fungi. Monitor for signs of superinfection and institute appropriate therapy if necessary. Use during pregnancy only if clearly needed, as cephalexin crosses the placental barrier. Cephalexin is excreted in human milk; caution should be exercised when administering to nursing women. False-positive reactions for glucose in the urine may occur with Benedict’s or Fehling’s solutions but not with enzyme-based tests.
Contraindications
Cephalexin is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to cephalosporin antibiotics. Cross-hypersensitivity may occur in patients allergic to penicillin; approximately 10% of penicillin-allergic patients will have allergic reactions to cephalosporins. The antibiotic is not indicated for the treatment of viral infections and will not be effective against such pathogens. Avoid use in patients with a history of severe gastrointestinal disease, particularly colitis, associated with antibiotic use.
Possible side effect
The most common adverse reactions associated with cephalexin involve the gastrointestinal system:
- Diarrhea (occurring in up to 10% of patients)
- Nausea and vomiting
- Abdominal pain or discomfort
- Dyspepsia
Other reported side effects include:
- Genitourinary: Genital pruritus, vaginitis, vaginal discharge
- Dermatological: Rash, urticaria, pruritus
- Central nervous system: Dizziness, fatigue, headache
- Hematological: Transient neutropenia, eosinophilia
- Hepatic: Transient elevations in hepatic enzymes
Serious but rare adverse effects include pseudomembranous colitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and anaphylaxis. Patients should discontinue therapy and seek immediate medical attention if severe diarrhea, bloody stools, skin blistering, or signs of allergic reaction occur.
Drug interaction
Probenecid may decrease renal tubular secretion of cephalexin, resulting in increased and prolonged blood levels. Concomitant use with potent diuretics may increase the risk of nephrotoxicity. Cephalexin may enhance the anticoagulant effect of warfarin; monitor prothrombin time closely in patients receiving both medications. The absorption of cephalexin may be reduced when taken with iron supplements or antacids containing aluminum or magnesium; separate administration by at least 2 hours. Bacteriostatic antibiotics may interfere with the bactericidal action of cephalexin.
Missed dose
If a dose is missed, it should be taken as soon as remembered. However, if it is almost time for the next scheduled dose, the missed dose should be skipped and the regular dosing schedule resumed. Patients should not double the dose to make up for a missed one, as this may increase the risk of adverse effects. Maintaining consistent antibiotic levels is important for therapeutic efficacy, so patients should strive to adhere to the prescribed dosing schedule.
Overdose
Symptoms of cephalexin overdose may include nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress, diarrhea, and hematuria. In cases of significant overdose, hemodialysis may aid in the removal of cephalexin from the bloodstream. Management should be symptomatic and supportive, with particular attention to electrolyte balance and renal function. There is no specific antidote for cephalexin overdose. Contact a poison control center or seek immediate medical attention if overdose is suspected.
Storage
Store capsules and tablets at room temperature (15-30°C or 59-86°F) in a tightly closed container, protected from light and moisture. The reconstituted oral suspension is stable for 14 days when refrigerated (2-8°C or 36-46°F); do not freeze. Keep all medications out of reach of children and pets. Properly discard any unused medication after the completion of therapy or after the expiration date has passed.
Disclaimer
This information is provided for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. The content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or medication. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read herein. The manufacturer’s prescribing information should be consulted for complete details.
Reviews
Clinical studies and post-marketing surveillance demonstrate cephalexin’s efficacy and tolerability. In comparative trials, clinical cure rates typically exceed 85% for indicated infections. Patient reviews frequently note rapid symptom improvement, particularly for skin and urinary tract infections. Some users report gastrointestinal side effects as the most common drawback, though these are generally mild and self-limiting. Healthcare professionals appreciate cephalexin’s predictable pharmacokinetics and established place in therapy for common community-acquired infections.